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THE COMMISSIONERS OF 
FAIRMOUNT PARK. PHILADELPHIA 

Jesse T. Vogdes 
Chief Engineer and Superintendent 

REPORT 
ON THE TREES OF 
FAIRMOUNT PARK 

* 

PREPARED BY 
OGLESBY PAUL 

LANDSCAPK GARDENER OF THE PARK 

July, 1908 











^-^-; 



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Trunk of veteran White Oak, showing splendid development of this 
species as a forest tree. Note the lack of fertile leaf mould about it owing 
to trampling by the public 



REPORT on the TREES 
of FAIRMOUNT PARK 



A STUDY OF THE TREES 
GROWING NATURALLY IN THE PARK FORESTS 
AND OF THOSE PLANTED FOR SHADE or DE- 
CORATIVE PURPOSES, INCLUDING THE 
OUTLINE of a GENERAL FORESTRY 
POLICY SUGGESTED FOR 
THEIR FUTURE CARE 



9\J> 



PREPARED BY 

OGLESBY PAUL 

Landscape Gardener of the Park 



July, 1908 



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JO present the unsatisfactory condition of the 
trees of Fairmount Park at the present time, 
and the necessity of an increased expenditure 
annually for their improvement and welfare, 
is the purpose of this report. Those in charge 
of large parks, boulevards, and suburban 
estates are now a unit in declaring that the trees under their 
care need constant and intelligent attention, and that the old 
policy of trusting to nature to provide for them when estab- 
lished is a treacherous one and almost certain to end in dis- 
aster. That the noble specimens in our own park should be 
exposed to injurious influences without the necessary remedies 
is little short of a calamity; many of these old monarchs, 
representing as they do the growth of generations, could not 
be replaced, and should we not therefore maintain them in a 
way that would be a credit to the city, and a source of pleasure 
to all for many years to come ? Think what good friends we 
have in the trees, of the delicious shade they give through 
the hot summers, and the stately majesty and beauty they 
symbolize at all seasons of the year ! Surely they may count 
on our watchful care to enable them to live out their lives in 
this same beauty, instead of becoming objects of pity to the 
passerby. A tree growing within the limits of a great city, 
particularly if it be a manufacturing center, like our own, 

3 



has many adverse forces to contend with, and its Kfe at best 
is a constant struggle against such odds as escaping gases, 
which poison the roots, clouds of soot and dust, which clog 
the stomata or pores of the leaves, and killing drought from 
the waterproof coated streets. Trees so placed are also 
more susceptible, by their weakened condition, to injury from 
fungus-diseases and insect plagues. In the woodlands of a 
park a further evil arises from trampling by the public, which 
kneads the ground to the consistency of brick clay, destroys 
the protecting undergrowth, bruises exposed roots, and on 
hilly land starts washing of the surface in a way which often 
threatens the very existence of the wood itself. 

These difficulties are now recognized in every well-estab- 
lished park, and more attention is given to the care of the 
trees in many of them, particularly in Europe, than to any 
other single work. In New England tens of thousands of dol- 
lars are annually spent in fighting the gipsy and brown-tailed 
moths alone, while in Brooklyn a similar activity is recorded 
against the tussock moth. A commission of experts reported 
several years ago that because of previous neglect $150,000 
would be required to put the trees of Central Park, New York, 
in condition and restore the exhausted ground in which they 
were growing. Many additional instances can be adduced 
to show that the conditions described in this report, while 
urgently claiming attention, are by no means unique, as they 
have existed, or do still exist, in other cities besides our own. 

Owing to the age of Fairmount Park, our work here may 
best be compared to that in Central Park. There Mr. Par- 
sons, the Commissioner for Manhattan, has asked for $50,000 
for the care of the trees and shrubs for the ensuing year. 
Though our area is nearly four times that of Central Park, we 
received last year $3500 for exactly the same purpose. In 

4 




Belmont Avenue, showing Elms which were threatened with destruc- 
tion by scale. Pruning and spraying these trees have restored them as shown 
here. Unfortunately, no work could be done to preserve them this summer, 
and they are rapidly reverting to an unsightly condition. 



other words, we are struggling to keep our trees pruned, 
sprayed, cleaned of insect eggs, and finally removed when 
decayed for an average expenditure of $1.15 per acre annu- 
ally; and this in the face of the facts that fifty large trees 
frequently stand on a single acre of our park and that certain 
species therein require at least two sprayings annually, 
to say nothing of periodical pruning and cleaning by high 
climbers. i\.n examination of the data in this report should 
convince any one that an increase from $3500 to at least 
$10,000 for the Forester's item is not only reasonable, but 
absolutely necessary, if the park is to be maintained in a 
creditable way. To do this work properly requires men 
trained at mounting the highest trees fearlessly, and with 
sufficient intelligence to perform their work thoroughly and 
conscientiously, though perched high above ground. The 
average laborer is both unable and unwilling to assume such 
risks. The general park force, as at present constituted, 
contains no men, save those in the Forester's gang, who 
are of any real assistance in this work, a fact demonstrated 
after repeated efforts in this direction. 

Shade and Ornamental Trees ; Artificially 
Planted 

The princijial shade and ornamental trees planted in the park 
have been American Lindens. Elms, Silver and Norway 
Maples, Oriental Planes, and Oaks. Lindens, Maples, and 
Elms were the chief deciduous trees used in the early plant- 
ings, and in addition thousands of Norway Spruces were 
introduced for evergreen effects. These Spruces have since 
nearly all disappeared, unable to contend against the soot 
which coated the trees. The Lindens, Silver and Scotch 

6 




Large Elm on Lemon Hill suffering from scale. This tree was dying 
when sprayed in 1907, and if not sprayed regularly for several years will 
unquestionably succumb. Note the young growths striving to recover 
the tree. If these are kept clean of scale, the tree can in time recover. 



Maples, and Elms have proved very difficult trees to keep in 
good condition, though they are all handsome when well 
grown. Their chief enemies are oyster-shell and glover's 
scales, tussock moth caterpillars, elm leaf beetles, and red 
spiders, placed in the order of their importance. The young 
scale insect is carried to the trees by birds and wind, and first 
appears as a minute orange or yellow sj)eck, moving about on 
the limbs. In a short time it attaches itself to the bark, and 
driving its slender proboscis through the tissues, sucks out the 
sap, thus robbing the tree, and still further injures it by in- 
jecting a poison in its stead, which discolors the wood a dark 
red. In a few weeks the scale becomes coated with a hard 
shell, under which it de])osits its eggs and then dies. Owing 
to the number of these eggs, the scale multiplies with amazing 
rapidity, and will soon destroy a tree if allowed to work unmo- 
lested. By spraying the trees with whale-oil soap or kerosene 
emulsion, in the two breeding seasons of May and July, the 
young scales can be readily destroyed and this dangerous 
plague kept under control. The tussock moth does an im- 
mense amount of damage to the trees during dry summers, 
such as the present, and sometimes strips them entirely of 
leaves. Like the scale, it has two hatching seasons, one in 
May and the other in August; and if a tree l)e closely exam- 
ined at that time, thousands of young caterj^llars, so minute 
as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye, may be detected 
ascending the trunks in search of food. After six weeks or 
more, devoted to rapaciously devouring the foliage, they 
attach themselves to limbs, etc., by silken cocoons, and pres- 
ently emerge as gray moths. The male moth is winged and 
active, but the female is able to crawl only a few inches from 
the cocoon, where she deposits a cluster of pearl-like eggs. 
Fortunately, these egg clusters may easily be seen on the trees 



in groups of 400 or 500 eggs each, and if destroyed, will prevent 
the subsequent hatching of the caterpillars. As it is prac- 
tically impossible to find all the hiding-places in which the 
clusters of eggs have been placed, many of them being under 
stones, eaves of buildings, etc., we have found it necessary to 
band the trunk of each tree, when cleaned, with a strip of 
"tanglefoot." This the 3'oung caterpillars are unable to 
cross, and, collecting in great numbers below the bands, are 
readilv killed with wire brushes. Their natural foes, several 
small beetles, also find this territory a happy hunting-ground, 
and may be seen in thousands destroying the helpless cater- 
pillars. As a still further protection, a solution of arsenate 
of lead may be added to the kerosene spray used on these 
trees for the scale insects, and thus poison the food of the 
caterpillars. This same preparation, if applied early in the 
spring, will also serve to keep in check the elm beetle, a small 
but extremely active enemy of the Elm tree, which at times 
does great damage to the foliage. The red spider appears 
only in dry weather, usually in August and September, in this 
latitude, and confines its attacks to the lower sides of the 
leaves. The foliage of a tree infested with red spiders soon 
turns l)rown and becomes unsightly. Several sprayings each 
season, during the dry weather, would keep this pest in con- 
trol. In other words, to maintain a 40-foot Elm in the park 
in good health is a perfectly practicable and possible matter, 
but it costs approximately the following amount of money per 
annum to do it: 

Cleaning of egg clusters in winter, approximately. . .$1.00 per tree 
Spraying with arsenate of lead and whale-oil soap 
for tussock moth, scale, and elm beetle — three 

sprayings at 60 cents each 1.80 " " 

Banduig the tree in May . 10 " " 

Total $2.90 " " 

10 




White Oak tree in West Park killed by scale. Frequent sprayings would 
without doubt have saved it, but no funds were available. 



11 



This, of course, takes no account of the pruning required 
every second or third year, which costs approximately $1.00 
per tree of average size. These figures are reasonably ac- 
curate only, but are low rather than high, taking all conditions 
under consideration. Frost & Co., of Boston, and Thomas 
Meehan & Co., of Philadelphia, two of the leading spraying 
companies, charged us 75 cents, plus the cost of materials, for 
each spraying of a 40-foot tree, but we find the work can be 
done at approximately 60 cents by our own Forester's men. 
As there are several thousand trees of these species in the 
park, the total cost would be considerable for this work alone. 
Moreover, the tussock moth has begun to feed on the Norway 
Maple, Willow, and Horse Chestnut, so these trees must be 
included in our list of species damaged by this plague. 

Turning to the Oriental Planes and the Oaks, we find less 
costly trees to maintain, but still each needs constant attention 
here. The Plane is attacked annually by a turtle-shaped 
scale and a large gray aphid, both dangerous plagues. A 
caustic spray of lime and sulphur applied in winter, and the 
whale-oil soap spray used at the hatching season in July, have 
proved effective means of destroying this scale. The gray 
aphid belongs to a group of insects peculiarly difficult to keep 
in check — a statement readily understood, since every twenty- 
four hours suffices to develop from a single insect a progeny 
of several hundred. They may be detected in September in 
dense masses on the under side of the limbs, sucking out the 
sap. Frequent sprayings with a mixture of kerosene emulsion 
and tobacco are, we find, absolutely necessary to prevent 
serious damage at that time. 

The red and black Oak are here practically immune from 
insect or fungus-diseases. Of the other species, the White 
and Chestnut Oaks are suffering severelv from a green scale 



(Asterolecanium variolosum), one of the most difficult and 
injurious insects we have yet encountered. I first noticed it 
in 1906 on a handsome White Oak, and have spared no efforts 
to eradicate it ever since. Unhke other scales, it embeds 
itself in the bark, appearing as a sunken green spot, the size 
of a pinhead, and is therefore very difficult to reach with the 
spray. Caustic washes, soluble oil, kerosene emulsion, and 
whale-oil soap have all been tried on it, and wherever possible 
infested branches have been removed. When we have been 
able to give the trees repeated sprayings, no serious damage 
has resulted, but many trees not so protected have succumbed. 
The Pin Oak has suffered recently from San Jose scale and 
the gray aphid, but in both cases, by vigorous pruning and 
spraying Avith caustic washes, we have been able to avoid any 
serious damage. The English Oak has given much trouble, 
owing to the attacks of turtle scale and red spiders, but after 
two years of hard work with the sprayers, the trees were put 
in excellent shape. 

In the vicinity of Philadelphia and New York the Beeches 
are suffering from oyster-shell scale and a bluish aphid {Phyl- 
laphis fagi), and those already infested here will require nu- 
merous sprayings to save them. In the wilder portions of the 
park we are troubled annually by the bag worm and the forest 
tent caterpillar, both very injurious pests, although they 
have done less damage than the ones already described. 
It requires several weeks' work of a large gang of men each 
season to collect and destroy the nests of both these plagues, 
as, if left undisturbed, they might become fully as destructive 
as the tussock moth is today. 

Of fungus-diseases, the most serious is one attacking the 
Chestnut. Borne by the wind as a minute spore, it gains a 
lodgment in some cut or wound in a healthy Chestnut tree and 

13 



works its way into the tissues in the hving or cambium layer 
beneath the bark, breaking down the cell structure and cutting 
off the flow of sap to the limb above the point of attack. The 
leaves then turn yellow and the branch dies. Its life-cycle 
now complete, the fungus reappears on the surface of the 
branch as rusty brown pustules, which burst and release new 
millions of the spores to spread the disease to new trees or 
branches. This fungus, traveling west from New York, 
where it was first reported and studied in 1905, has now 
reached us, and already killed many trees. The extinction 
of the Chestnut here within a few years seems certain to occur 
if some protective steps be not taken. Owing to its work 
being done entirely within the trees, it is nearly impossible to 
exterminate it when once it has gained a lodgment. Fortu- 
nately, the fungus cannot pierce healthy bark, but can enter 
only through an open wound. The safeguard is, therefore, 
to remove all diseased or broken limbs and paint all scars or 
fractures with tar paint. The gravity of the situation is 
apparent in view of a recent letter received from the ento- 
mologist of the New York Zoological Gardens, to the effect 
that they have no healthy Chestnuts left in Bronx Park. 
While absolute proof is not at hand, it seems probable that 
the disappearance of the Chestnut trees from one or two of the 
southern States, reported by Mr. Beadle, although he found 
plenty of Chestnut rail fences, is attributable to this same 
disease. 

Owing to the enforced abandonment of spraying and 
insect destruction this year, ground gained at great labor 
during the previous two seasons is being rapidly lost, and each 
month shows a further retrogression. For example, careful 
cleaning of the old park last winter, and a thorough spraying 
and banding of all the trees there this spring, would have 

14 




15 



rendered impossible its recent devastation by tussock moths. 
I therefore respectfully request that a sum sufficient for the 
proper performance of this work be secured as soon as pos- 
sible. Tons of spraying materials are used annually in other 
large park systems in just such work, and without this it 
seems a hopeless struggle to try to maintain these trees under 
the urban conditions here. As a further safeguard, I would 
advise using in those sections most exposed to gas and similar 
unfavorable factors only those trees best able to resist them 
and least subject to these insect plagues. Such trees are the 
following: the Ginko (Salisbui'ia adiantifoUa) , the Turkey 
Oak {Q. Cerris), the Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) , 
the Red Oak (Q. rubra), the Pin Oak (Q. palustris), the Aus- 
trian Pine (P. Anstriaca), Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) , 
the Oriental Plane (Platanus Orientolis), the Hawthorn 
(Cratoegus oxycantha) , American Thorns (Crataegus crvsgaUi), 
etc. None of these, with the exception of the Ginko, are 
iron-clad in all respects, but they are the trees most easily 
cared for. 



Forest Areas in the Park 

A considerable area in the park is covered with natural forest 
growth, some of which has undoubtedly come down to us from 
the days when primeval forest covered the Schuylkill hills, 
as there are trees standing in them fully a century and a half 
old. The general public apparently considers that, as nature 
planted these trees in such glorious munificence, she is amply 
providing for their welfare and perpetuation. Careful studies, 
extending over several years, of the composition and condition 
in detail of these forests, have convinced me that in the major- 
ity of cases they are failing or deteriorating, that nature is 

16 



unequal to the task of overcoming the hardships endured by 
these forests, that each year shows an increase in the ratio of 
loss, and that prompt, energetic, and sustained efforts by man 
alone can remedy the evil. 

As these statements are of so serious a nature that they call 




Black Oak and Hickory trees, showing noble character of these hard- 
woods in all situations. These trees once stood in a forest. 



for convincing evidence to warrant their use, I submit here 
data upon which they are based, that you may verify my con- 
clusions. The figures in these schedules comprise the results 
of a careful census of the wooded areas. In the smaller tracts 
the trees were counted and the species noted, together with 

17 



the diameter of the trunk, breast-high. In the larger ones 
typical strij)s, approximately 200 feet wide, through the woods 
at selected points, were so measured and counted, and these 
results multiplied by the area of the forest (this being the 



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A grove of Hickory, Oak, and Tulip trees in Lansdowne Valley. 
Such forest trees standing in cleared ground are apt to deteriorate unless 
carefully pruned and fertilized from time to time, as they now lack the 
undergrowth and bed of leaves which formerly supplied them with nourish- 
ment. 



accepted system among foresters) . Notes were also made of 
the condition of the timber, the character of the undergrowth, 
and the nature of the humus or soil. The Forester was also 
directed to keep a record book showing all trees cut or heavily 

18 



pruned by him, with the apparent cause of their diseased 
state or death, and these data were studied with these census 
records and the facts tabulated in the Hsts given at the end 
of this report. 

An analysis of these figures gives some very interesting 
results. The large trees, or trees over 30 inches in diameter, 
are practically confined to seven species — the White, Red, and 
Black Oaks, the Chestnut, the Tulip, the American Beech, 
and the Black Walnut. The other species seldom attain 30 
inches in diameter in the forests, and therefore do not con- 
tribute greatly to the list of large trees, usually failing for one 
cause or another when of moderate size. If we desire to pre- 
serve or obtain the dignity which noble forests of large 
trees give to a park, we must therefore rely for our results on 
the seven species named above, as they are evidently best able 
to produce such forests. The accomplishment of this end is 
of special importance because the individual forests of the 
park are small (if we exclude the Wissahickon, which I am 
expressly excluding from this report, reserving it for separate 
consideration), and while a grove of a dozen large trees will 
carry with it a great deal of dignity and beauty, an acre of 
half-grown forest may appear meager. 

It is, therefore, a serious matter to observe that in the 
entire twenty woodlands analyzed and plotted the White Oak, 
the noblest of our trees, is reproducing satisfactorily in one 
tract alone (area 1). In the others. White Oak saplings are 
either entirely lacking or occur in scant numbers. The Black 
and Red Oaks make an even worse showing and the Black 
Walnut is equally unfortunate. Moreover, the existing Wal- 
nut and White Oak trees are suffering from insects, as shown 
by the forest records, and this is causing a larger death-rate 
among these veteran trees than usual. We are therefore 

19 



facing the certain loss of both the Oaks and the Walnuts in 
the near future if conditions continue as at present. 

Turning to the Chestnut, Tulip, and Beech in the sched- 
ules, we find reproduction satisfactory in about one-half the 
areas only, namely, those where the humus is thick and rich, 




Catalpa trees, showing the meager growth which results where this tree 
takes possession of a forest area and replaces the hard-woods. 



as on areas 3, 5, 6, etc., but failing where the humus is thin, as 
on areas 1, 4, 17, etc. By the forest records it will be noted 
that the Beech and Chestnut are suffering badly from insects 
and fungus-diseases, thus shortening greatly the life of these 
existing large specimens. 

20 



As regards the Hickory, Sour Gum, and Chestnut Oaks — 
all valuable and handsome large trees — conditions are very 
similar. The Gum is failing at both ends, the large speci- 
mens suffering from scale, and no young trees rising to replace 




The Ailautlms trees shown here are very handsome at this age, but 
will soon die back to the ground, leaving a mass of dead trunks and branches. 
This is due to winter kiUing, and renders this tree objectionable, as it crowds 
out more long-lived species. 



them. The others are reproducing in less than half the forest 
areas, and the standing trees are starving from lack of humus 
in many places. 

In contrast with this showing, observe the records of Red 
Maple, Ash, Bitternut, Blue Beech, and Catalpa. These 

21 



species are gaining ground in many places and maintaining 
themselves in others. But seldom do they attain to large size, 
rarely exceeding 18 inches in diameter, and they are therefore 
valuable as incidents in a forest, but not as the chief constitu- 
ents. 

Turning to the Wild Cherry, Ailanthus, and Sassafras, all 
trees of moderate size, we find abundant reproduction, sap- 
lings of these species springing up in the places vacated by 
dead trees of other kinds. The Ailanthus is particularly 
undesirable, as a cold winter not infrequently kills large 
numbers of them. The Wild Cherry is the favorite host for 
the tent caterpillar, an undesirable distinction, and the Sassa- 
fras, though beautiful in its autumnal coloring, has otherwise 
little value as a forest tree. 

Broadly speaking, the forests are therefore steadily chang- 
ing in character, and the change is not for the better. The 
nobler trees are gradually giving way to the less worthy kinds, 
and in the end this must inevitably impair the stately dignity 
of these forests. 

Let us examine these records from another view-point, 
considering the forests merely as wooded tracts, regardless of 
their composition, and observe what is occurring. So little 
natural reproduction is taking place at (1) George's Hill, (4) 
Beechwood, (21) Woodside, (16) Mt. Pleasant, (18) Snyder's 
Woods, (17) Fountain Green, that these forest areas are 
actually disappearing. The humus in all of them is very thin 
and there is little or no undergrowth. The forest covering 
in some cases is of grass; in others the public is trampling out 
the young growths; in others the forest floor is frequently 
burned over. One or usually more of these conditions prevail 
in each case and make it impossible for nature to carry out its 
work. Left unaided, these woodlands are doomed, I believe. 

22 







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At Lansdowne Valley, Belmont Valley, City Line (north 
of the river) , and Ormiston the places of the failing trees are 
in part being filled by saplings of the Cherry, Ailanthus, and 
other weedy trees, though it is a struggle for even these trees 
to make headway in many locations, owing to fires and the 
trampling by the public. 

At the Sheep Barn tracts, Greenland, Lilacs, City Avenue 
(south end) , and Rockland the forests are holding their own, 
in both character and extent, as they are freer from injury by 
man and his agencies. 

At the Country Club alone do we find a perfectly healthy 
forest, with an adequate proportion of forest cover, veterans, 
and saplings to insure its future existence and character. 

To meet these difficulties I suggest the adoption of the fol- 
lowing forest policy, and request — (1) that the Michaux Fund 
and its accumulated income be annually expended in carrying 
out so much of the suggested plantings as that small sum may 
permit, and (2) that the forestry appropriation be increased 
sufficiently to enable the necessary pruning, thinning, and 
replanting to be carried out in an energetic and consecutive 
manner. 

The first step should be to extend the life of the present 
large trees in every possible way. The most vital points are 
the roots, which are nearly all close to the surface, seldom 
extending far into the ground, as may be observed when a 
large tree is uprooted in a storm. Upon the surface fertility 
of the soil a hard- wood tree largely depends, and when the 
humus is deepest, a hard- wood forest will thrive best. By 
checking the forest fires and preserving a thick undergrowth 
we could do much to produce this condition. Renewed vigor 
can also often be obtained in failing trees by heading them in. 
This is particularly true of the White Oak. The following 

24 




Oyster-shell scale has damaged these Walnut trees almost beyond 
repair. Careful pruning and spraying for several consecutive years I 
believe will stiU save them. These sprayings will cost approximately 75 
cents per tree each time. 



25 



scale insects are also now playing havoc with the forests: 
oyster-shell. scale, green oak scale, and San Jose scale. The 
oyster-shell scale is now doing most damage, infesting par- 
ticularly Beeches, Walnut, Sour Gum, and Red Maples. Our 
work s[)raying the Elms and Lindens along the drives for this 
j)est has been so successful that I am satisfied Ave can control 
this scale in the forests if given a sufficient approj)riation. 
The new green scale so far has baffled our efforts to stamp it 
out, though every accessible authority has *been consulted 
when our best efforts proved only partially effective. Fortu- 
nately, it confines its attacks to the forms of White Oak alone, 
and we can by spraying keep it vmder control. Wlien the 
trees are standing in o})en groves, as at Snyder's Woods and 
Sweet Briar, where the ground is dry and poor and covered 
with turf, a fertilizing with manure, or, better, manure water, 
would be of great benefit, as the trees show evidence of flag- 
ging from starvation. All this work will be costly and labori- 
ous, but the results will unquestionably justify the expendi- 
ture. 

A second steji should be directed toward aiding the natural 
reproduction in the forests. One of the chief reasons for the 
excellent condition of the Country Club woods is the thorough 
forestry work we did there three years ago. Numbers of 
windfalls and dead and dying trees w^ere cut out at that time, 
thus affording a chance for the surrounding trees to seed into 
the open spaces, and also admitting sunlight and air to the 
young saplings already struggling for foothold. Similar work 
should be done in the other woodlands where there is any hope 
of natural reproduction proving successful. Special atten- 
tion should be given to any young Oaks or other hard-wood 
trees appearing in these natural thickets of seedlings, and every 
effort made to encourage them and keep the quicker growing 

26 



soft-woods from crowding them out. Many of the undesirable 
kinds of seedlings should be cut out and the space replanted 
with longer lived trees. Some policy of checking forest fires 
is absolutely essential if good results in any of the forests near 
the railroads are to be secured. The present park guards are 




Forest of sprout growth Chestnut trees at Beechwood. These trees 
are djang rapidly, and prompt replanting with seedlings is needed in every 
opening. 



unable to accomplish this apparently, and damage amounting 
to thousands of dollars is annually done by this cause alone. 
The detailing of two or three men to act as forest rangers dur- 
ing the danger seasons of fall and spring is therefore an appar- 
ent necessity. Last winter almost the entire Roberts' Hollow 

27 



tract was burned over, as well as one-half of Belmont Valley, 
Sweet Briar, Beechwood, and Fountain Green forests. And, 
as is well shown on the schedule cards, these fires not only 
injure the younger trees and destroy entirely the rising gener- 
ation of seedlings, but they consume the humus or peat to such 
an extent that the ground is left too poor to sustain the existing 




Forest at George's Hill, showing slope bare of undergrowth and washing. 
These trees are starving and dying in large numbers. 



large trees. The rate of decay among the older trees in these 
tracts, where fires readily start from the railroad sparks, is 
alarming (see foot-note on schedule for Beechwood, page 37) . 
Of equal importance is the work of replanting where there 
is little or no natural seeding or where the hard-woods are 



dwindling away. Healthy young Oaks, Walnuts, Beeches, 
Chestnuts, and the like nobler trees of our forests should be 
planted in every opening in the woods. A special effort could 
well be made in this work to obtain added local interest by 
planting masses of Oaks in one section, Beeches in another, 
mixed hard-woods in a third, etc., thus providing for both the 




Locust seedlings in West Park. This is a weedy tree, useful only for tem- 
porary cover on bad ground, as it soon falls prey to borers. 



delightful variety of the Appalachian forests and the grandeur 
of the pure stands, as among the evergreens of the west and 
north. While we are unable, owing to the soot from the 
trains and factories, to grow Pines, Hemlocks, Spruces, and 
other evergreens satisfactorily in the park outside the Wissa- 

29 



hickon Valley and the Country Club districts, they can still 
be counted on for a number of years' growth if the site is a 
protected one to which the soot-laden winds cannot find access. 
Such is the glen below Ridgeland or the woods at the foot of 
George's Hill, where the Hemlocks set out three years ago are 




Woodland walk near Chamounix. Very beautiful in its wild, pictur- 
esque character, but needing attention if this beauty is to be enjoyed by 
the next generation. Young saplings should be set out in every opening 
and an undergrowth established. 



doing fairly well. They might well, therefore, be planted 
regularly in such positions to relieve the somberness of the 
winter forest landscapes. 

Where sprout growth or coppice occurs, as at Beech wood, 

30 



the trees should gradually be thinned out, and the spaces'so 
made filled with healthy seedling trees, as the sprout growths 
are both short-lived and uninteresting. 

In a number of cases a considerable improvement could 
also be made by developing the second forest growth through 




View in West Park, showing charming effect of native shrubs massed 
on the edges of the forest. They also help the trees by preserving the 
moisture. 



the woodlands of smaller shade-enduring trees, such as Dog- 
wood, Judas, and Silver Bell. The sprays of the flowers of 
these trees gleaming through the forest aisles at each season's 
opening is one of the glorious features of our native land- 
scapes, and the value of this second cover to the forest trees 

31 



above is well recognized abroad. I recall seeing thousands 
of young Hornbeams so set out through the woods of the 
chief park in Brussels for this purpose. 

Several new woodlands can also be founded to good ad- 
vantage to compensate for the gradual shrinkage of the old 
ones, choosing preferably sites in which the screen of trees will 
block out unsightly objects. 

I believe the work outlined above is of great and pressing 
importance, and absolutely essential if the forest property 
under the Commission's charge is to be preserved. The 
insects attacking the forests are identical with those we have 
been combating on the Avenue trees, and, judging by our work 
on these, I see no reason why we should not be entirely success- 
ful in controlling them in the woods as well. Fungus-diseases 
offer a more complicated problem, but no effort should be 
spared to stamp them out wherever they appear, by promptly 
pruning out the infested wood. 

If the general policy outlined here is approved, the next 
step will be to draw detailed planting plans for the various 
locations, basing them on the data obtained in the forest 
census work. 

Respectfully yours, 

Oglesby Paul, 

Landscape Gardener. 



32 



FOREST SCHEDULES 

Notes. — B. H. D.=Diameter breast high. 

Figures 54, 48, 42, etc., on upper line indicate diameter of trunk in inches. 

S:=Seedlings. 

Figures in columns below indicate number of trees. 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

White Oak 

Red Maple 

Black Oak 

Bird Cherry. . . . 
Black Cherry. . . 

Sour Gum 

Cornus Florida. 

Beech 

Tulip 

Bitternut 

Red Birch 

Ash 

Blue Beech. . . . 



54 

1 


48 

1 


42 

13 


36 

11 


33 

14 


30 

s 


27 

15 


24 

24 


21 

2.3 


18 

15 


15 

20 


12 

19 


9 

14 


6 

5 


3 

4 


S 





1 


2 


1 


4 


4 


17 


17 


15 


14 


2ti 


15 


6 


9 


3 

















1 





1 


2 


4 


1 


12 


15 


13 


5 


1 











1 


9 





3 


4 


5 


7 


3 


4 


4 


12 


1 





























1 


1 


1 


3 


10 


9 
































1 





1 


1 





3 


1 


























8 


4 





6 


8 


3 


4 


3 












































9 


57 


22 

















1 





2 


1 


4 


2 


9 


13 


5 


5 


o 




















9 


2 


8 


1 


2 


5 


3 


1 


1 























1 


2 


2 





1 


6 


2 


2 





5 















































2 





{) 




















1 











5 


<> 





























" 














1 


1 












Total 



187 
134 
55 
46 
25 
7 
31 
88 
44 
19 
20 



Area 1. — George's Hill 

Including only the rectangular area of the original wood- 
lot; two-thirds of area steep slope with western aspect, the 
remainder level. 

Undergrowth. — Largely confined to foot of slopes and 
along track, consists of Viburnum lentago, blackberry, Sam- 
bucus racemosa, Cat-Brier, Beech, and Cherry suckers. 

Humus. — Very thin. Leaf mould occasionally buried 
in gravel from hillside erosion. 

General. — Non-indigenous hemlock 6 to 8 feet hififh 
throughout woods. No consequential sign of reproduction. 



33 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

Beech 

TuUp 

White Ash 

Blue Beech 

Black Oak 

Red Oak 

Smooth Hickory. 

Bitternut 

White Oak 

Cornus Florida. . . 

Red Maple 

Sassafras 

Catalpa. 

Ailanthus 

Silver Maple 

Honey locust. . . . 
Buttonwood 



54 
4 


48 



42 



36 



33 



30 




27 



24 
3 


21 

18 


18 
9 


13 

19 


12 
19 


9 

8 


6 


4 



2 



s 




S2 


F 

















1 


2 


4 


4 


2 


8 


4 


5 


16 


18 


7 





F 























4 


fi 


5 


Ifi 


8 


9 


8 


8 


1 


f 




















1 











2 


7 


12 


9 


8 


4 


1 


N 






































1 


5 


10 


20 


17 


N 








1 


1 


1 


1 





8 


1 


1 





8 


8 


8 


2 




















1 


2 


2 








1 


1 


;-! 


1 


8 


8 


1 


2 


























1 





2 


2 


1 


4 





8 


8 





1 
































1 


1 


8 





1 


1 




















1 


2 


2 


1 


1 


;-! 


1 


1 





2 


1 


8 


8 


1 


F 












































8 


5 


5 


F 





n 





























8 


1 





1 















































1 


1 


1 


1 

















n 








1 


1 


1 


1 





1 


1 









































1 




















11 


5 


N 



































1 


1 








1 


1 






































2 


1 


1 


1 























1 











1 

































Total 



81 

61 

54 

44 

53 

20 

20 

17 

7 

22 

13 

5 

4 

6 

17 

4 

5 



Area 2. — -Lajstsdowne Valley 
Section A 
Acreage approximately 7.5. 

Under grouih. — Sparse and mostly confined to numerous 
Ash and Blue Beech seedlings. 

General. — Woods thin and trees of nearly equal height. 
Humus. — Undisturbed; good leaf mould. 



34 



B. H. D. 



Tulip 

White Ash 

Ailanthus 

Beech 

Bitternut 

Bird Cherry 

Black Cherry . . . 

Chestnut 

Blue Beech 

Cornus Florida. . 

White Oak 

Black Oak 

Sassafras 

Smooth Hickory 
Black Walnut. ^ 

Willow 

Silver Maple. . . . 
Gum 



54 


48 


42 


36 


33 


30 


27 


24 


21 


18 


15 


12 


9 


6 


4 


2 


s 


S2 


1 

















1 





2 


4 


11 


6 


9 


3 


2 


1 






































1 


1 


6 


m 


12 


3 


N 









































8 


36 


22 


10 


N 

















8 


2 





2 














2 


« 


3 


9 





























C) 














2 


7 


7 


2 


F 
































1 





1 


5 


8 





5 


N 



































1 


1 


1 


1 























1 


:i 








2 


2 


1 


4 








'> 











V 








n 





























2 


3 


5 


1 


F 















































4 


8 

















■> 


2 








1 


1 














1 


























1 


1 








1 














2 


1 


















































1 





1 


















































1 
































1 





















































1 





















































1 














1 


2 





























1 

















1 





4 








5 






Total 



41 
39 
76 
27 
18 
20 

4 
15 
11 
12 

7 



Area 2. — Lansdowne Valley 
Section B 
Area east of proposed bridge line. Approximate acreage, 
4.13. 

Undergrowth. — The opening cleared for highway bridge 
contains hundreds of Ailanthus seedlings and many Ash 
seedlings, also blackberry vines, elderberry bushes, roses, 
grapevines, and other injurious climbers. 
Other conditions similar to A. 



35 



B. H. D. 


54 

2 
2 


















48 



1 





1 





1 



!! 







42 

1 
1 




2 













36 

1 





? 





1 






1 





33 

2 
1 
2 



1 













30 

7 

2 

1 
1 
1 
1 




s 








27 

9 

2 
7 

1 
1 
I 
2 
2 
1 










24 

11 
2 
3 
1 

1 

2 



1 








21 

11 
6 
8 
4 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 




1 
tt 

2 
2 



18 

25 
9 

7 
2 

3 

1 

'o 

3 

1 
1 
4 


1 
2 



15 

37 
18 
9 
4 
2 
10 
4 
2 
4 
3 
2 
4 
4 

1 
3 
4 



12 

30 

25 
13 
7 
5 
16 
6 
2 

3 
2 

4 
3 
1 

9 
3 



9 

14 
23 

7 
8 
8 
4 
8 
1 
12 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 

8 
3 
2 


6 

10 

12 

9 

9 

11 

1 



2 

5 

11 

11 

4 

5 

11 

5 

6 



2 


4 

4 
7 
4 

t 



1 
5 
9 
6 
3 

5 
4 
1 

6 


2 

3 

7 

5 
9 



3 
4 
1 
1 
2 
1 

6 

16 


S 



3 



39 



s 

2 
1 

54 


1 





S2 

N 


N 



'o 






N 






Total 




167 


Tulip 


118 


Black Oak 


74 


Beech 


46 




102 


Willow , 

Black Walnut 

Red Oak 


37 

27 
14 




37 




36 


White Oak 


24 


White Ash 


73 


Black Cherry 

Bird Cherry 


18 
22 


Smooth Hickory 


10 
37 




13 




26 







Area 3. — Belmont Valley 

Beginning at bridle-j)ath and including all trees south to 
the railroad. 

Acreage approximately 11.7. 

U rider qrouih. — Thin and in clumps, consisting jirincipally 
of Spice Bush, Cherry stool shoots, Beech suckers. Ash and 
Sassafras seedlings. This condition of undergrowth does not 
apply to area adjacent to railroad, which is much worn and 
burnt over. 

Humus. — F'air amount of leaf mould in undisturbed con- 
dition. 

General. — 11.7 acres includes a brook (meadow very wet) 
along which only the Willows grew. It also includes a steep 
ledge. 



36 



B. H. D. 


54 

















48 

















42 

















36 














§ 


33 

















30 














4 


27 

















24 

80 















21 

80 

16 

16 



16 




















18 

224 

80 

32 

16 

32 




















13 

416 

400 

128 

32 

48 







16 












12 

448 

288 

32 

48 

64 

















8 


9 

204 

112 

80 

96 

160 

16 













16 




6 

32 
64 


32 
96 


224 




16 
16 


16 




4 





32 


48 
592 

48 




16 

48 



2 


Total 














144 



96 







SO 

16 




1484 


Tulip 

Black Oak 


960 

286 




256 


Red Oak 


416 




208 


Cornus Florida 

Red Maple 


816 
144 




16 


Black Cherry 


16 
96 


Ash 


96 


Smooth Hickory .... 
White Oak 


86 
12 







Area 4. — Beechwood 

Acreage approximately 23.5. Surveyor's area, 1.35 ap- 
proximately. Total stand computed. 

Undergrouih. — Spice bush and herbaceous plants only. 

Humus. — Thick leaf mould, except where destroyed by 
fire. 

General. — Chestnut stools, shoots averaging groups of 
three, stand very uniform and rather dense. Clumps of 
Sumac on borders of woods. Many trees were removed in 
the year 1907, since when many more have died. 



37 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

Tulip 

Beech 

Red Maple 

Cornus Florida. . 
Norway Maple. . 

Black Oak 

White Oak 

Red Oak 

Sassafras 

Smooth Hickory 

White Ash 

Sugar Maple. . . . 

Hemlock 

Virginia Pine. . . 

Poplar 

Black Walnut... 
Gum 



52 



48 



42 36 



2 3 

3 2 



0[ 

Oi 

1 



0, 1 













0, 

Oi 0[ 





33130 27 





01 



24 



3 
5 

1 






1 
1 







0. 





21 18 



5| 5 
7i 1 



15 



12 







2 

2 

1 



3 2 1 

6 6 

15 19 20 

2 6| 3 

9,12 

2! 





4 

l| 3 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 




3 10 



S2 



Total 



50 
55 
63 
20 
32 
14 



7 
6 
8 
4 
2 
2 

11 
4 

18 



Area 5.— Near Sheep Barn 
Section A 
On north slope, including woods from spring east to 
bridle-path. 

Acreage approximately 6.5. 

Undergrowth. — Rather dense, consisting of Elder, Black- 
berry, Beech suckers, Spice bush, Chestnut and Red Maple 
stool shoots. Red Oak and Hickory seedlings, also stool 
shoots of Black Cherry. 

Humus. — A rich deep leaf mould retained on steep slope 
through thickness of undergrowth. 
Other Trees: 

1 White Elm, 18 inches. 

1 Yellow Locust, 9 inches. 

4 Buttonwood, 36 inches, 12 inches, 8 inches, 8 inches. 

1 Spruce, 6 inches. 

2 Red Cherry, 9 inches, 18 inches. 
Several clumps of Rhus typhinus. 



38 



B. H. D. 


54 













48 













42 












36 













33 


2 










30 













27 













24 


2 


2 


1 

1 




21 













18 













15 


2 

3 




1 



12 

3 





1 


1 
1 


9 

11 


1 
1 







6 4 

4441 



1 7 









2 

10 

4 









s 



1 

F 

1 








S2 

N 











Total 




109 




7 


Cornus Florida 

Tulip 


12 


Yellow Locust 

White Ash 




Willow 




Buttonwood 


2 


Wild Apple 


1 







Area 5. — Near Sheep Barn 
Section B 
South slope. 

TJndergroivth. — Dense, with large clumps of Staghorn 
Sumac, elder Spice bush, and suckers of Yellow Locust aver- 
aging 2 inches in diameter. 

Soil. — Rich and very swampy. 



39 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

Beech 

TuHp 

White Oak 

Black Walnut. . 
Cornus Florida. 
Bird Cherry .... 

Sassafras 

Gum 

Red Oak 

Stag. Sumac . . . . 
Carya porcina. . 

Black Oak 

Red Maple 

Prunus Serotina 

Allan thus 

White Ash 

Yellow Locust. . 



54 



48 



2 



















42 



36 



33 



30 



27 



7 



2 

2 

1 



3 



1 





1 

01 2 



o! 








24 



18 



15 



6 10 
3 5 
4114 

1 6 

2 5 



1 4 
4 

2 . . 
3 


3 
2 
1 

1 





12 



1 

" 24 

33 

12 

5 



43 

4 



1 

5 

1 

1 





Total 



113 
34 

126 
28 
22 

110 

138 
59 
39 
16 

113 
19 
12 
12 
16 
84 
3 
1 



Area 6 

Located north of Beechwood and extending to drive. 
Acreage approximately 5.0. 
Average slope of valley from we.st to east. 
Undergrowtk. — Dense with Spice bush. Elder, Sumac 
clumps, woodbine, and grapevine. 

Humus. — Deep, undi.sturbed leaf mould. 
Additional Trees: 

2 Celtis occidentalis, 6 inches, 9 inches. 

2 Ailanthus, 12 inches, 15 inches. 

Also fine clumps, 2-inch Ailanthus containing 300 to 

400. 
One clump of 75 6-inch Ailanthus, all dead from 
frost cracking bark. They stood in a very wet place. 



40 



B. H. D. 


54 





48 

1 



42 

1 




36 

1 




33 





30 

1 


27 

6 
1 


24 

8 

1 


21 

7 
3 


18 

3 
3 


15 

25 

7 


12 

31 

15 


9 

43 

16 


6 

39 

118 


4 

17 
146 


2 

10 

18 


S 

15 



S2 


Total 


Tulip 


5 

N 


232 


Bird Cherry 


329 






1 






n 








2 

2 


1 

3 

1 



3 

6 


1 
3 

5 


3 
3 
4 


4 
3 

4 


6 
3 
5 


12 
1 
3 


23 
4 

1 


21 
8 
1 


17 
3 
1 


6 
3 



11 
1 




2 








105 


Chestnut 


43 


Black Oak 


33 


White Oak 


n 





1 








1 


5 


1 


1 





4 


2 


8 


3 


2 











28 


Red Maple 




















2 


2 


1 


4 


fi 


7 


7 


5 


2 








13 


51 


Sassafras 


n 























1 





3 


16 


25 


81 


28 


9 


30 


20 


163 


Sour Gum 


n 








1 


2 











1 


4 


4 


5 


8 


4 


6 


3 








38 


Stag. Sumac 









































10 


225 


150 





5 


390 


Black Cherrv 


n 






































6 


12 


3 





10 


31 


Cornus Florida. . . . 





n 
































3 


32 


52 


29 





5 


121 


Smooth Hickory . . 





























1 


1 


1 


1 


2 














6 














n 


u 
















1 




2 







1 




1 



3 


3 

2 


3 



3 







b 



20 


Black Walnut 


6 


Red Oak 














































1 



1 



2 
5 



9 



4 



10 






4 


Blue Beech 


28 





































7 


1 

















8 







Area 7. — Greenland 
Including trees between electric railroad track and speed- 
way. 

Acreage approximately 8.7. 

Undergrowth.— YaAvXy thick, but in clumps, consisting 
of Sambucus, Spice busli. Blackberry, Sassafras seedlings, 
and others in openings with south exposure. 
Humus. — Rich deep leaf mould undisturbed. 
Other Trees: 

Ailanthus, 1-12 inches; numerous seedlings. 
Buttonwood, 1-15 inches. 
White Ash, 1-4 inches. 
Locust, 1-4 inches. 
Willow clumps, 5. 
Also injurious grapevine and woodbine. 



41 



B. H. D. 



Tulip 

Chestnut 

Black Oak 

White Oak 

Bitternut 

Red Oak 

Beech 

Ash 

Ailanthus 

Black Walnut 

Smooth Hickory. . . 

Bird Cherry 

Black Cherry 

Red Maple 

Sour Gum 

Sassafras 

Yellow-wood 

Crataegus 



54 

1 


48 
1 


42 

7 


36 
6 


3 


30 
2 


27 
3 


24 
1 


21 
1 


18 
3 


15 
4 


12 

11 


9 
19 


6 
29 


4 
19 


2 

8 


S 
4 


S2 









1 


1 





1 


4 


4 


2 


5 


() 


4 


9 


25 


17 


13 


11 














2 


1 


1 


3 


3 


8 


3 


5 


1 





o 


9 


9 


1 














1 





1 


1 


1 


3 


1 


2 


3 





1 


3 


1 


3 























1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


1 


fi 


4 


4 


9 


9 














2 











4 


4 


2 


2 


2 


1 











1 











u 








1 





1 


1 


1 


4 


3 


4 


2 























(1 

















1 


1 


5 


6 


13 


16 


14 


22 











() 


























1 


3 


6 


19 


9 


113 


N 





{) 

















] 


2 


'> 


2 


1 











1 








u 


























1 











4 


5 









































1 





1 


4 


10 


9 





N 





























1 








2 


7 


10 


o 




















{) 














1 








1 


1 


1 


2 



































1 


2 


4 


6 


3 


2 





1 









































2 


2 


9 


43 


69 














{) 


























1 


2 


30 


fi 





















































1 









Total 



122 

103 
34 
21 
39 
18 
17 
78 

151 
9 
10 
25 
22 
6 
19 

125 

39 

1 



Area 8. — Lilacs 

Including all trees adjacent to the brook valley between 
the speedway and the railroad track. 

Acreage approximately 7.0. 

Undergrowth. — Spice bush with woodbine, honeysuckle, 
and grapevines; one clump of 20 1-inch Sassafras; also 20 
4-inch Sumacs. Blackberry, Ailanthus seedlings, Sumac. 

Humus. — Deep leaf mould. 

Other Trees: 

1 Celtis occidentalis, 2 inches. 

In General. — A level swampy area had 50 6-inch Ailanthus. 
Killed by frost splitting bark. 



42 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut. . . 

Beech 

Tulip 

White Oak. 
Black Oak. 
Red Oak.. . 
Dogwood . . , 
Sassafras . . 
Bird Cherry . . . 
Red Maple .... 
Black Cherry 
Slippery Elm. . 

White Ash 

Ailanthu.s 

Black Walnut . 
Blue Beech. . . . 
Sour Gum. . . . 



54 


48 


42 


36 


i 
33 30 


27 


24 


21 


18 


15 12 


9 


6 


4 


2 


S 


S2 





34 


36 





11*23 


34 


46 


34 


69 


161 104 


138 


34 


46 


23 


F 


F 











(1 


Oil 


11 


12 


69 


46 


138 138 


92 


12 





12 





N 














Oil 














23 104 


230 


426 


312 


24 


N 

















23 


23 


35 


57 


23 


126 115 


46 


12 

















Oil 


24 


11 12 34 


13 


46 


11 


35 11 





0. 11 





h' 














11 


12 23 


35 


11 


23 


69, 


11 


0, 





K 



































11 


162 322 


657 


N 
































46, 46 


34 


12 








b' 
































11 24 


34 


46 


46 


12 





!<' 





























23 


37 


46 


23 


12 





b' 














0| 




















23 


11 






































23 





11 


23 


12 











(J 








Ol 




















80 


69 


35 


N 

















ol 

















23 


46 


69 





N 

















11 














23 
























































11 


34 


55 


F 














U 





' 














11 





















Total 



905 
539 
1130 
460 
219 
194 
1151 
138 
173 
161 

34 

69 
184 
138 

34 
100 

11 



Area 9. — Country Club 

Acreage approximately 21. 

Result com})uted from strip surveys. Slopes uniform, 
averaging 5%. 

Undergrowth. — Scarce, principally Spice bush, Dogwood, 
and a few bunches of seedlings. 

Humus. — Normal and deep leaf mould. 

In General. — Three White Pines, 21 inches, 18 inches, 
15 inches in diameter and very tall, suggest the tree's adapta- 
bility to this location and possibility of creating a Pine Grove 
here. 



43 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut Oak. . . 

Chestnut 

White Oak 

TuUp 

Red Oak 

Red Maple 

Black Oak 

Beech 

Smooth Hickory 

Ailanthus 

Cornus Florida. . 
Black Walnut. . . 

White Ash 

Bitternut 

Black Cherry. . . 
Buttonwood . . . . 

White Elm 

Bird Cherry .... 



54 



48 42 36 







1; 1 

1 





1 








33 



30 



27 



24 



1 
4 

01 2 

2 

1 

o! 1 





0, 

0! 

















1 



21 18 



7 10 

1 1 
5! 3 

2 

3 3 




15 



12 



14 12 
5- 5 





2: 1 

Oi 1 

0' 

0; 



1 





9 6 



12I 7 

6 
4! 7 



3 2 
4' 1 

4 6 
2 
2 1 

1 10 14 


1 
1 

00 
0| Oi 



4 2 



S| S2 



Total. 



73 

26 

30 

45 

17 

19 

13 

23 

7 

8 

27 

5 

2 

4 

7 

3 

1 

2 



Area 10. — Roberts' Hollow 

Acreage approximately 4.5, including from park bound- 
ary (on map) east. 

Undergrowth. — Incon.sequential, except on the open part 
of the north slope, where many seedlings of Red Cherry, 
Ailanthus, Tulip, and Chestnut have sprung up. There are 
also some large Sumac and Hamamelis on both slopes. Red 
Maple suckers are prominent. 

Humus and forest floor in natural condition, with a thick 
bed of leaf mould still accumulating. 

General. — Numerous dead Chestnut Oaks of varying 
size. Subsoil very rocky. 

Other Trees: 

Shagbark, 3-12 inches. 
Red Ash, 2-9 inches. 



44 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

Tulip 

Ailanthus 

Red Oak 

Beech 

Bitternut 

White Ash 

Red Maple 

Black Cherry . . 
Norway Maple. 

Black Oak 

Black Walnut.. 
Bird Cherry . . . 

Sassafras 

Slippery Elm . 
Cornus Florida. 
White Oak 



54 




48 



42 



36 
3 


33 
3 


30 

3 


27 

15 


24 
17 


21 

24 


18 

23 


15 

69 


12 
32 


9 
9 


6 




4 
13 


2 

15 


s 

N 


S2 

F 




















3 


6 


11 


9 


22 


23 


11 


20 


25 


14 


M 



































3 


5 


6 


9 


14 


12 


M 




















3 


3 


2 





ft 


5 














•> 


h' 






































ti 


24 


12 


2 


1' 





























3 











3 


3 


3 


3 


h' 






































3 


3 


3 


5 


5 


N 



































3 


3 


2 


2 


3 


11 





M 



































5 


() 


5 





6 


i<' 












































3 


9 


15 


b' 
































3 


3 


3 


















































3 


3 






































() 














2 


2 
























































2 








I'' 


















































3 















































36 


51 


26 


M 


























3 


3 






























Total 



226 

144 

59 

21 

44 

15 

19 

24 

16 

27 

12 

6 

4 

2 

3 

113 

6 



Area 11 

Including all the trees on the south side of the Schuylkill 
adjacent to City Avenue bridge. 

Acreage approximately 7. 

Result computed from strip surveys. 

Humus. — Mostly normal. 

Subsoil. — Yellow loam. 

Slopes gentle. 

Undergrowth.- — Sparse, but containing Witch-hazel, Spice 
bush, and Sambucus. 

In General. — Woods open and uniform in height. 

Seedlings numerous in openings. 



45 



B. H. D. 



Red Oak 

Tulip 

Beech 

Chestnut 

Elm 

White Oak 

Black Oak 

White Ash 

Box Elder 

Black Cherry. . 

Red Maple 

Sassafras 

Ailanthus 

Buttonwood . . 

Hornbeam 

Cornus Florida 

Bitternut 

Red Birch 



54 48 42 36 





5 









0| 



01 O! 

o; o; 



Oj 0, 





01 0! 









33 



30 27 24 



10 20 

1525 

5 

5 





151 

51 5 





0| 















0! 



21 18 15 



12 



10 10 

5 

5 5' 5 

5 

10 

5 5| 

6 61 5 
5 5 

01 
Oi 






0, 




9) 6 






10 5 
5 

10 35 
0; 



0' 

5 



5 

1 3 







10 10 

10 15 

10,15 





15 

30 5 

5 10 

10 20 

15 

20 





S2 



Total 



60 
55 
55 
50 
80 
40 
40 
30 
35 
20 
30 
20 
25 
10 
5 
5 
15 
5 



Area 12 

Including all the trees on the north side of the Schuylkill 
adjacent to City Avenue. 

Acreage approximately 7. 

Result computed from strip surveys. 

Humus. — Most scant. 

Subsoil. — Very rocky. 

Undergrowth. — Sparse, but containing Witch-hazel, Spice 
bush, Sambucus, Bladder nut. 

In General. — Woods thin and open; slopes very steep. 
Red Birch and Willows very fine on river-bank. 



46 



B. H. D. 


54 

6 



















48 

6 

3 
















42 

11 
1 
6 


1 














36 

16 

7 





1 













33 

8 
2 
4 
3 
2 

1 













30 

6 

1 
4 
1 

1 
2 













27 

7 
4 
6 
3 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 










24 

12 
6 

i 

1 

5 
3 
3 
2 
1 
1 









21 

9 
10 
6 
1 

6 
4 
1 
3 







1 



18 

5 
17 
3 
1 

4 
4 
3 
3 


2 






1 



15 



31 

4 

1 
2 
9 

I 
3 

2 
1 
2 
2 



1 



12 

4 
45 
11 


6 

9 
8 
1 
3 
1 
2 


3 





9 

8 
45 
7 


1 
1 
4 
1 
2 
10 
2 


5 

1 



6 

13 

18 
8 




4 

7 
60 
1 
1 
1 
8 
2 




4 

13 

19 
8 
1 



4 
3 
7 

15 
4 
1 


15 
1 

4 


2 

12 
22 
3 


1 




5 


1 
20 
3 




s 



N 
N 



1 









N 





S2 


N 








N 









Total 




128 




221 


Tulip 


85 


Black Oak 


14 


Red Oak 


6 


White Oak 


38 


Black Walnut 


17 
33 




24 


Ash 


20 


Black Cherry 


95 
12 




6 




2 


Cornus Florida 

Red Birch 

White Elm 


48 
9 
4 
4 







Areas 14 and 13. — Ormiston Valley 
Acreage approximately 15. 

Undergrowth. — Thick on the steep slopes and consisting 
of Cherry suckers. Beech suckers, seedlings of Tulip, also 
Sumac and Spice bush. In open parts where slope is slight 
the traffic has destroyed all except the sizeable undergrowth, 
like two-inch Cornus florida. 

Humus. — Varying, but mostly thin and poor. 
Subsoil. — Very rocky. 
Other Trees: 

Smooth Hickory, 18 inches. 

Water Hickory, 1-2 inches. 

Buttonwood, 33 inches. 

Willow, 3-9 inches, 1-36 inches. 

Celtis occidentalis, 2-9 inches, 3-6 inches, 7-4 inches. 

Box Elder, 1-6 inches, 4-4 inches, 10-2 inches, and 

seedlings. 
Slippery Elm, 1-9 inches, 1-6 inches, 3-4 inches. 
Cedar, 1-2 inches. 
Hemlock, 20-4 inches, non-indigenous. 



47 



B. H. D. 



Tulip 

Chestnut 

Beech 

Black Oak 

White Oak 

Chestnut Oak. . 

Catalpa 

White Ash 

Sour Gum 

Slippery Elm . . 
Smooth Cherry. 
Red Maple ... 
Black Walnut . 
Black Cherry . , 
Cornus Florida. 
Blue Beech. . . 
Celtis Occidentalis. 
Ailanthua ... 



54 



48 



42 

7 


36 



33 

14 


30 

7 


27 



24 
14 


21 

21 


18 

56 


15 

56 


12 

S4 


9 

63 


6 

140 


4 
126 


2 

21 


S 
F 


S2 










7 








7 


14 


21 


85 


21 


28 


49 


63 


70 


63 








V 




















14 


21 





7 


35 


70 


21 


21 


14 


7 





V 











7 


7 


14 


14 


7 





7 


7 





7 





14 

















7 





7 





14 


7 











7 


7 





7 
































:i 





fi 


6 


12 





6 


27 









































15 


10 


20 











N 























7 


() 











7 


21 


14 


14 





N 



































7 


14 


21 











K 



































8 





6 





6 









































21 


35 


7 


7 











V 






































7 


7 


21 


21 





F 























4 








4 





4 





















































14 


21 


14 





h' 









































7 


49 


161 


189 


N 














u 
































7 


56 


1^' 












































7 


7 


14 















































7 





7 


N 






Total 



609 
378 
210 
84 
56 
60 
55 
56 
42 
15 
70 
56 
12 
49 
406 
63 
28 
14 



Area 15. — Rockland 
Northeast of Columbia l^ridge. 
Acreage approximately 11. 
Humus. — ^Fairly good leaf mould. 

Undergrouih. — Rather scarce, consisting of Viburnum 
lentago, Cornus florida, and Ash. 

In General. — Some erosion on slopes near bridge and 
most slopes steep enough to need more soil binders. 
Other Trees: 

Red Oak, 1-4 inches, 1-15 inches. 

Red Cherry, 10-2 inches. 

Water hickory, 1-4 inches. 

White Pine, 1-9 inches. 

And one indigenous Mountain Laurel. 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

Black Oak 

White Oak 

TuHp 

Ash 

Blackberry 

Beech 

Bird Che ry. . . . 

Sour Guixi 

Red Oak 

Cornus Florida. 

Celtis 

White Oak 

Smooth Hickory 
Black Walnut.. 

Sassafras 

Ailanthus 

Yellow-wood . . . 



54 



48 



42 36 





1 







o! 

















33 



30 



27 24 



1 3 

r 2 

2 4 
2; 1 
0. 
Ol 




1 li 
01 









01 



21 18 15 12 





1 

2 





l' 1 









1 

1 





I I I 



3 5 



1 

4 2 
3 4 

10 18 

2 

10 6 


0[ 

1 1 
ll 





1, 4 



41 2 



3 







6 2 

2 



2 3 























S2 







1 



F 





F 

1 



Total 



34 
19 
22 
25 
19 
23 

6 
23 

5 



Area 16. — Mt. Pleasant 

Acreage approximately 7. 

Undergro wfJi. — None. 

Ground Cover. — Sod. 

Reproduction . — None. 

In General. — Very heavy pedestrian traffic has left a much 
worn area. Banks eroded. Trees very wide apart, hardly 
giving the impression of a grove. 



B. H. D. 



White Oak 

Chestnut 

Tulip 

Red Oak 

Black Oak 

Beech 

Red Maple 

Gum 

Buttonwood . . . . 

White Ash 

Smooth Hickory. 
Virginia Pine. . . . 

Chestnut Oak 

Dogwood 



54 



48 



42 



36 




33 




30 

1 


27 

2 


24 
2 


21 

4 


18 
9 


15 

12 


12 

17 


9 
3 


6 




4 



2 



s 




S2 










1 


4 


.5 


1 


4 


1 


2 





1 





1 


























1 





4 


4 


3 





1 


1 





























1 











2 


2 


2 


2 


1 


1 























1 


1 








2 


2 





1 












































1 








3 


2 


2 


6 


1 






































1 





2 


10 


7 















































1 


5 


5 


6 


1 





























1 











1 

































































1 


1 








































































































3 

















1 






















































































1 















Total 



50 
20 
14 
11 

7 
15 
20 
18 

2 



Area 17. — Fountain Green 
Acreage approximately 3.0. 
Undergroxcth. — None. 
Hum us. — Thi n . 

In General. — A much worn level area. 

49 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

White Oak 

Black Oak 

Tulip 

Gum 

Dogwood 

Black Cherry . . . 

Beech 

Red Oak 

Smooth Hickory 

Catalpa 

Black Walnut... 

Locust 

Sassafras 

Red Maple 

Bird Cherry 

Ash 

Yellow-wood 



54 



48 

1 


42 
2 


36 

_ 

3 


33 

1 


30 

1 


27 
2 


24 
5 


21 

14 


18 

10 


15 
36 


12 

67 


9 

74 


6 

59 


4 
15 


2 
3 


s 




S2 













2 


3 


4 


22 


8fi 


41 85 


71 «7 


24 21 


16 


17 














1 





1 


1 


1 


a 


5 


H 


11 


14 


32 17 


12 























1 


1 





1 


1 





fi 


23 


30 26 


8 






































1 


3 


3 





9 


9 


















































7 


33 


21 























1 














2 


9 


15 


10 


6 


7 






































1 


1 


3 


5 


2 









































2 








1 












































5 


6 





4 


11 


4 


12 



































1 


5 


6 


6 


2 









































3 


3 


2 












































1 








1 


3 


3 


8 























{) 

















1 


8 


5 


3 






































1 








1 


3 


4 


1 


1 









































2 


3 















































1 


1 


1 















































2 


2 


4 


3 












Total 



Areas 18 and 19. 

Area bounded by Reading and Pennsylvania Railroads 
and by East Park Reservoir. 

Acreage included by outline of Avoods equals approxi- 
mately 25.0. 

Undergrowth. — Except for some poison -ivy, entirely 
lacking. 

Humus. — -Also thin and scarce. 

Subsoil. — Micaceous loam. 

Other Trees: 

Buttonwood, 1-12 inches, 1-4 inches. 
Cedar, 1-6 inches. 

In General. — These woods are very open and also on 
fairly level ground; this, with its proximity to thickly settled 
districts, causes much wear, hence no underbrush and little 
humus. 



50 



B. H. D. 



Chestnut 

Black Oak.... 
Bird Cherry . . . 

Tulip 

White Oak 

Sassafras 

Beech 

Gum 

Red Maple . . . , 
Black Cherrv . . 
Black Walnut. 

Red Oak 

Celtis 

Cornus Florida 
Slippery Elm . . 



54 48 4236 



18 24 













0, 

















33 



30 27 



6 12 
6 6 
6 
6 24 

61 6 



24 



21 



18 



1815 



1824 
6 18 
6 12 
6 
18 



12 



18 24 

12 12 

30 24 

6 




12 
18 30 

01 



6 
12 




S2 









I 



F; 



F 









Total 



240 
90 

144 
60 
36 
90 
42 
84 
36 
30 
18 
18 
6 

354 
6 



Area 21. — Near Woodside Park 
Computed from survey strips. 
Acreage approximately 7.0. 
Under gro ictli. — None. 
Slope very gentle. 

Humus. — Thin and in many places washed away. 
In General. — A much traversed area of rather open woods; 
a bunch of Sassafras and Red Maple in a swampy corner. 



51 



B. D. H. 



Tulip Poplar 

Chestnut 

White Oak 

Beech 

Red Oak 

Catalpa 

Paulownia 

Amer. Ash 

Wild Cherry 

Sour CUim 

Black Oak 

Populus deltoides 
Austrian Pine. . . . 

Hornbeam 

Crack Willow. . . . 
White Willow.... 
Rhus typhina . . . 



54 48 42 



36 



10 

1 



01 

01 

0! 0| 







0! 0; 

00 









o; 

Oi 



33 



30 27 



24 





3 

1 1 3 

Oi 2 

01 01 1 


o' o' 





oi Oi 

0| 









21 18il5 12 



0| 7 

3I V 2 

3 8 6 

2 2i 4| 

0: 2j 1 

0^ 2 

1 





oi 0. li 

Oi 0' 01 

3 12 



1 



oi 0: 

oi 



9l6 







Oi oi 





S2 





0' N 



0! N 



0, N 

Oi 

2 









oi 

>5' 



Total 



24 

15 

30 

14 

6 

10 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

15 

7 

3 

26 



Area 22. 

Woodland along Girard Avenue from Connecting Rail- 
road west to spring. 

Acreage approximately 4.0. 

All trees counted. Does not include railroad embank- 
ment. 

Soil. — Red gravel in upper half of bank and moist loam 
in lower. A north facing hillside steeply sloping, with two 
streams at base. The Tulip, Poplars, Rhus, Salix, Car- 
pinus are on the lowest portions. 

Forest cover poor; ground in grass with patches of Sam- 
bucus, Prunus, Rubus, and few white Oak seedlings at rare 
intervals. The Beeches and Chestnuts are dying. 



52 



3477-65 
tot V 








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o 



















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